In 1335 AH/ 1917 AD, and objection MOVEMENT rose up by the leadership of sheykh MOHAMMAD khiyabani and via Democratic party activity and dominate associations of Democrats in Azerbaijan and after a transient period, by establishing a short insurrection He combated with central government from 16 Rajab to 29 zihajeh 1338 AH/ 19 April to 14 September 1920 AD., During these above indicated years, Modernism idea and proceeding to the cause of monogenesis of legal society after Mashrouteh period, was one of the most parallelism in MOVEMENT idea and purpose.Regard to this fact, the MOVEMENT deliberation, requires the outreach realization of thought conditions among society statistics and also having cultural positive ideas to progress and advance the civil society and because modernism was introduced as society renovation, so, having attention to different kinds of people specially women rights was the unique discussion among the MOVEMENT idea makers.Feminism term is a new word in Iran history and it seems that this word was first discussed in year 1338 AH/ 1920 AD by some of the MOVEMENT intellectuals and there were a lot of discussions about effective factors to improve women conditions.The Present research has proceeded to recognize the MOVEMENT ideas in Khiyabani' s MOVEMENT and shows that how this reform talking has caused to women activity in political and social arenas.

In 1338L. /1920C. Rafia Amin Khan and Taghi Rafat who were the members of Azerbaijan democratic party under the leadership of SHEIKH MOHAMMAD Khiabani for the first time established Azerbaijani Feminism based on key concepts of tradition and modernism. The aim of the mentioned thinkers was to empower women in gaining equal opportunities with men for achieving political, economical, social and cultural sources with the aim of promoting status, position and social role of women in civil participation in society. Therefore, the subject of the current study is to investigate what the thoughts of the belief system of the school of Azerbaijani which is supporting women about the issue of gender are. And with this assumption that, gender in Iran is a historical issue which in culture and society structures has been organized in the forms of gender inequalities. Changing the society in all aspects especially promoting public awareness could help women gain equal situation. The methodology and procedure of the current research is based on interdisciplinary studies of sociology and history and the purpose and main finding of this research is also explaining and confirming of the mentioned issue.

One of the MOVEMENTs that took place during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar and created a large scale and fear in the structure of the Qajar government was the MOVEMENT of SHEIKH Obaidullah Shamzini or Nahri (1880/1297). This MOVEMENT was, in fact, an uprising of the lower classes against the status quo and a reformist attempt to show the inefficiency of the Qajar government. In relation to international politics, the SHEIKH's lack of strategy and ignorance of the facts and requirements of international politics can be cited as factors in the MOVEMENT's failure. Among foreign countries, the Russians played an important role in the failure of this political MOVEMENT. This study seeks to answer the question of what role Russia played in the defeat of SHEIKH Obaidullah's MOVEMENT and how did it cause SHEIKH Obaidullah's MOVEMENT to fail? Based on the results of the present study,To further its interests, Russia opposed the MOVEMENT and supported the Ottomans and Iran, as well as pursuing a policy of understanding and cooperation with the United Kingdom in the fight against the British MOVEMENT, for fear of increasing British influence among the Kurds and jeopardizing its interests. The lack of political maturity of the leader of the MOVEMENT in attracting the attention of the great powers, especially Russia, on the one hand, and the conflict between the formation of Kurdistan and Russia's Middle East strategy, on the other hand, made Russia play an important role in defeating SHEIKH Obaidullah Shamzini's MOVEMENT. Using first-hand and original sources and new research and Persian, Turkish and Kurdish documents and using descriptive-explanatory methods, this article seeks to provide a different analysis of Russia's role in the MOVEMENT of SHEIKH Obaidullah Shamzini.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the exquisite books available in the library of SHEIKH MOHAMMAD Vaezzadeh Khorasani, which were printed in Cairo, and to answer this question of whether there are any other copies of these books in other libraries of Iran and foreign countries or not? And if yes, in which libraries, they can be found? This research has been done through library-survey and descriptive-analytical method. In this informative article, the descriptive bibliography of sixteen exquisite books published in Cairo available in Mr. Vaezzadeh Library. Here the appearance of the book has been described, the general features of the work based on the date of publication and the number of copies available in the libraries of Iran and the world are presented, and finally the criticism and opinion of some Works are given. In the first stage, the sixteen bookcases of the library of Mr. Vaezzadeh were visited, and then the copies, which were likely to be exquisite, were found in the database of different libraries in Iran and the world, including the information database of Iranian libraries, the organization of libraries and national documents, of The Islamic Republic of Iran, Astan Quds Razavi Library, University of Tehran Library, Specialized Library of Islam and Iran, etc., also information databases of libraries in Egypt and Saudi Arabia were searched. After the gaining relative certainty of the originality or uniqueness of the copy, a descriptive bibliography was done based on the date of publication. The findings of the research show that some of the books in this personal library are single copies and exist only in the library of Mr. Vaezzadeh. Many other exquisite books of this library are rare in Iran and even in the world and it is difficult to find them.

Ayatollah SHEIKH MOHAMMAD Yaqoubi is the most prominent student of Ayatollah Seyyed MOHAMMAD Sadegh Sadr, known as Sadr II, who has taken over the leadership of part of the Sadr MOVEMENT since Sadr's martyrdom in 1999. Ya'qubi, like his teacher, believes in the public authority of the jurists. In theory, he, like Imam Khomeini, considered that the only jurist is to be the legitimate ruler in the age of occultation. Reading this theory in the context of Iraq, where the jurisprudent is not practically as extensive as in Iran, can introduce newer dimensions of the theory of Velayat-e-Faqih. Ayatollah Yaghoubi had dealt with the government in two ways: One negative and the other positive. Negative discussion refers to taking a negative stance against undesirable governments, which is almost similar to the arguments of other jurists in this regard. Although in a positive discussion, like some jurists, he defended the theory of the popular guardianship of the jurists, he tried to redefine it in relation to some new concepts such as partisanship and the specific circumstances of Iraq. Undoubtedly, the theory of the popular guardianship of the jurists in Iran can be different from what is happening in Iraq. Understanding environmental differences can be valuable in the diverse analysis of the theory of Velayat-e-Faqih. The purpose of this article is to explain the theory of Velayat-e-Faqih in a different environment from Iraq that its capacities and possibilities in that society should be examined. The method of this article is descriptive; that is why it seeks to present a detailed and structured report and narration of Ayatollah Yaghoubi's view about the Islamic ruler. The results of this study showed that His appointive theory of Velayat-e-Faqih is reduced to spiritual supervision in practice, and the special circumstances of Iraq make him more realistic.

SHEIKH MOHAMMAD Manshadi is one of the lesser-known figures of the eventful era of MOHAMMAD Shah and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. His contemporary period, alongside Sufi ideas, witnessed the emergence of sects and MOVEMENTs such as SHEIKHism, Babism, Azalism, and Baha'ism, which challenged the Shia society of Iran. What further diversified these perspectives was the gradual formation of intellectual and social MOVEMENTs influenced by modern Western civilization. Manshadi was exposed to various viewpoints, and accordingly, in addition to being introduced as an Azali or Baha'i, his influences on influential figures in the Constitutional Revolution have also been discussed. Based on these explanations, this article attempts to analyze Manshadi's religious and intellectual attitudes and his influence on the elites of the Constitutional Revolution as the main research question, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research findings confirm Manshadi's Sufi inclinations, but the accusations of his being an Azali or Baha'i are not provable, at least based on the available evidence. Furthermore, his ideas, and especially his style of orations, protest speeches, and critical sermons, were considered an effective model by influential figures of the Constitutional Revolution for mobilizing the masses.

The MOVEMENT of SHEIKH Obaidullah Shamzini (1297/1880) took place by the aim of forming an independent Kurdistan during Nasser al-Din Shah period. The main root of this MOVEMENT, which made troubles for the Qajar government, lies in the tax pressures of the central government appointed rulers. This MOVEMENT started from the origin of SHEIKH Obaidullah, i. e. Ottoman Kurdistan. Although SHEIKH Obaidullah MOVEMENT rapidly covered a large part of Iran western regions, it quickly subsided. This study by analyzing data collected in the library and documentation method, seeks to answer the question of what internal factors led to the defeat of SHEIKH Obaidullahchr('39')s MOVEMENT? The results of this study show the heterogeny of SHEIKH Obaidullahchr('39')s coalition forces, including goals and motivations of participating in the MOVEMENT, frequent killings and looting different areas by SHEIKH and his forces, weak and uncertain alliance of tribal forces with SHEIKH Obaidullah, lacking support of the Kurds in regions of South Kurdistan of this MOVEMENT, lacking strategy and SHEIKHchr('39')s unawareness of international politic are among the most important internal factors in the defeat of SHEIKH Obaidullahchr('39')s MOVEMENT.

Constitutional MOVEMENT is considered a turning point in the history of Shiite thought. During this historical period the first deep confrontation between Islam and West happened in Iran. Offering new concepts and questions through this period including: Shiite jurisprudent, political literature and thought, made Shiite familiar with recognition and responding to ever-changing conditions. Constitutional MOVEMENT as a historical event plays a key role in evolutions and attitudes of jurisprudents in Islamic Revolution. Therefore, studying their attitude towards this phenomenon has a great importance. Thus, this article uses historical analytical method to answer this important question: what was the most important reason of him not taking part or even disagreeing with the Constitutional MOVEMENT? According to the available documents and evidences it seems that the most important reason for disagreement and acting passive is his attitude and understanding of the network consisting of trusted persons giving him information about Iran’s state, incompatibility and contradiction of Constitutional MOVEMENT goals with religious rules and regulations of Islam.

The role of SHEIKH Hadi Najmabadi in creation of the constitutional system of Iran is shown in this paper. He died before Constitutional MOVEMENT but some of persons, who had attended his gatherings and learnt his doctrine, had basic activites in that important historical event, by using his teachings. His role in the constitutional system of Iran is meant by knowing them.

Many Muslim scholars have used the Early history of Islam as an ideal example to explain their current situation and give a vision of the future and a prospect to solve the problems. Especially regarding the new social, political and economic circumstances in the last century and with the emergence of modernity, Egyptian scholars tried to provide a new representation of the early history of Islam in order to conduct society toward integrity in an Islamic manner. In this research, we try to study and put in context the works of SHEIKH MOHAMMAD al-Ghazali, one of the Egyptian contemporary Islamists, in order to scrutinize his representation of the early history of Islam. Ghazali with a Salafi attitude, introduces the early history of Islam to the Muslims’ Egyptian society and other nations, as the basis of returning to the golden ages of past. Besides the history of Islam he uses the Quran and Seerah to explain the past. The time and circumstances which Ghazali lived in made him confront capitalism, communism, and socialism and investigate social justice, political and cultural colonialism, the potential for establishing an Islamic government, women’ s issue, the Quran and its concepts, the issue of Palestine, and Judaism in order to find a solution for the decline of the Egyptian society.